Period of the Paleolithic (2 million BC – 10,000 BC):

• Limestone-based fire-starting tools

• Eggs from ostriches

• Bhimbetka (MP), Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, Narmada Valley (Hathnora, MP), Kaladgi are all

important Paleolithic sites. Period of the

Mesolithic Age (10,000–8,000 BC):

• Domestication of animals, i.e. cattle rearing, began as a result of a major climatic change.

• Brahmagiri (Mysore), Narmada, Vindya, Gujarat microliths

Neolithic Age (8000 BC – 4,000 BC):

• Agriculture began when the wheel was discovered.

• An early settlement called Inamgaon.

• Burzahom (Kashmir), Gufkral (Kashmir), Mehrgarh (Pakistan), Chirand (Bihar), Daojali Hading

(Tripura/Assam), Koldihwa (UP),

• Mahagara (UP), Hallur (AP), Paiyampalli (AP), Maski, Kodekal, Sangana Kaller, Utnur, Takkala

Kota) are important Neolithic sites.

• Brahmagiri and Adichanallur are megalithic sites.

Chalcolithic Age (4000 BC – 1500 BC):

• The Age of Copper.

• It’s possible that it’s from the Bronze Age. Indus Valley Civilization (BC 2700 – BC 1900)

(Bronze = Copper + Tin)

• Brahmagiri, Navada Toli (Narmada region), Mahishadal (West Bengal), and Chirand also have

civilizations (Ganga region)

The Iron Age:

• Vedic Period (Aryan Arrival, BC 1600–BC 600) – Nearly 1000 years from the arrival of the

Aryans (Basic books of Hinduism, ie Vedas were composed, might have written down later.)

• Buddhism and Jainism are two different religions.

• On the banks of the Ganga, the Mahajanapadas were a major civilisation after the Indus Valley.

• Bimbisara of the Haryanka Kula Sisunga dynasty – Kalasoka – Magadha empire (Kakavarnin)

• Mahapadma-nanda and Dhana-nanda were the rulers of the Nanda empire.

• Alexander the Great, Persian-Greek, 327 BC

Empire of the Mauryans (321-185 BC):

• Chandra Gupta was a powerful emperor in the Mauryan Empire. Asoka, Maurya, Bindusara

• Sunga (181-71 BC), Kanva (71-27 BC), Satavahanas (235-100 BC), Indo-Greeks, Parthians

(19-45 AD), Sakas (90BC-150AD), Kushanas, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians,

Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians,

Parthians, Parthians (78AD)

Chola, Chera, and Pandya kingdoms in South India (BC 300)

• Classical Period: Gupta Kingdom (300 AD – 800 AD)

• Important ruler under the Gupta dynasty: Gupta, Samudra (Indian Napoleon)

Guptas of the Post-Gupta Era:

• Vakatakas, Pallavas, and Chalukyas. Harshvardana, Vakatakas, Pallavas, Chalukyas. Hunas,

Maitrakas, Rajputs, Senas, and Chauhans are also among them.